---

Políticas para promover una ampliación de la cobertura de los sistemas de pensiones: el caso de México

Autor: Agencia Alemana para Cooperación Técnica; Ogranización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL); ONU, CEPAL, Unidad de Estudios Especiales
Año: 2001
Resumen: Resumen En 1997 la tasa de participación laboral de personas mayores de 65 años fue de 31.5% en México, de acuerdo a la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo de ese mismo año. En ese mismo año sólo el 18.4% de los mayores de 65 años que estaban fuera de la fuerza laboral recibían alguna pensión de su trabajo. Esto significa que casi una tercera parte de las personas en edad avanzada tienen que seguir trabajando, en buena parte, debido a la falta de ahorro durante los años previos a este periodo. No es coincidencia tampoco que en ese mismo año, sólo el 30.2% de la Población Económicamente Activa (PEA)1 cotizaba al sistema público de pensiones. Esta reducida cifra implica que, así como ahora sucede, en el futuro muchas personas en edad avanzada no tendrán ahorros suficientes para hacerle frente a la vejez en forma digna. No es fácil dejar la solución de este fenómeno en manos del mercado debido a que la falta de previsión e información, así como los bajos recursos, entre otros factores, hacen que el individuo difícilmente contrate un sistema de pensiones privado y por tanto el nivel óptimo de cobertura sea bajo. Por ello, el Estado ha intervenido permanentemente en la provisión de pensiones. México, como muchos países, ha tenido por décadas este tipo de sistemas con carácter obligatorio, que ciertamente han ayudado a solucionar el problema, pero, como se vio anteriormente, el tramo es aún muy largo para hacer que estos cubran a un porcentaje mayor de la población 2 . Si bien es cierto que las familias cubren parcialmente la falta de pensiones con sistemas informales, tales como la compra de bienes durables durante la edad productiva, la creación de un negocio familiar y las relaciones familiares de ayuda intergeneracional 3 , en México ambas coberturas, formal e informal, son aún reducidas. Lo anterior se debe en parte a la falta de incentivos derivados de los distintos sistemas de pensiones actuales, y también a las características de la población y al dinamismo propio, tanto de la economía como del mercado laboral mexicano. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es detectar las causas de la baja cobertura del sistema de pensiones público en México, para posteriormente hacer recomendaciones de política económica y ayudar en la solución de este importante problema de justicia social. Para cumplir el objetivo, el presente documento se divide en tres capítulos. En el capítulo primero, se hace un análisis de la estructura de los principales sistemas de pensiones públicos en México, lo cual permite identificar los problemas potenciales en el diseño de dichos sistemas. En el segundo capítulo se analiza la cobertura actual de estos sistemas, de acuerdo a las características de la población y los hogares. Finalmente el último capítulo está destinado a señalar las principales conclusiones acerca de las causas de la baja cobertura del sistema, así como a las propuestas de política orientadas a su ampliación.

Fuente: Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL)
Clasificación: Mercado Laboral
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

Para visualizar el documento, clic aquí »

---

Is There a Positive Incentive Effect from Privatizing Social Security: Evidence from Latin America

Autor: Packard, Truman G.
Año: 2001
Resumen: There is increasing concern among policymakers that social security reforms that involve a transition to individual retirement savings accounts may exclude certain groups of workers from coverage against the risk of poverty in old age. While most public pay-as-you-go systems pool the risk of interrupted careers and periods of low earnings over the covered population, the reformed systems shift the burden of these risks to the individual. Adequate coverage under a system of individual retirement accounts depends critically on accumulating sufficient savings through regular contributions. In developing countries where opportunities for unregulated employment abound and workers can easily escape mandated social insurance, theory suggests that reforms will increase the number of contributors to social security by reducing distortions and improving incentives in the labor market. Motivated primarily by fiscal pressures stemming from the deficits of overly generous, poorly administered public pension systems, many governments are going ahead with reforms as if this theory is correct. Does a shift to individual retirement accounts improve the incentives to contribute to social security? Almost a decade after reforms to national social security systems in Latin America (two decades, in the case of Chile), existing evidence is mixed. Several studies have found that the share of the Chilean workforce covered by the national pension system has increased since individual retirement accounts were installed in 1981; others have shown that there has been no change in this share. But these studies rely on simulations or on casual observation of data on the sectoral allocation of the labor force and relate only to Chile. Sufficient time has now passed since reforms in several Latin American countries to allow more rigorous testing of the theory. The author estimates the impact of social security reform-specifically, the transition from a purely public pay-as-you-go system to one with private individual retirement accounts-on the share of the workforce that contributes to formal retirement security systems. To test the predictions of a simple model of a segmented labor market, he exploits variation in data from a panel of 18 Latin American countries, observed from 1980 to 1999. Results show that introducing individual retirement accounts has a positive incentive effect that, other things equal, increases the share of the economically active population contributing to the reformed system. But this effect occurs only gradually as employers and workers become familiar with the new set of social security institutions put in place by reform.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

Para visualizar el documento, clic aquí »

---

Long-term Poverty, Social Protection, and the Labor Market, Volume 1. Main Report

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2001
Resumen: This report documents the emergence of a group of long-term poor in Hungary. While growth will continue to be necessary to create well-paying jobs that would enable people to escape poverty, the long term poor are not likely to benefit from growth since they are detached from the labor market, socially excluded, and in many cases, facing discrimination which keeps them from reintegrating into the labor market. The long-term poor in Hungary are comprised of several distinct social groups: the homeless, rural population particularly those living in micro-communities, unemployed or withdrawn from the labor market, households with more than three children, single parent families, single elderly females, and the Roma. A third of the long-term poor are of Roma ethnicity, even though this group is only approximately 5 percent of the Hungarian population. The analysis of the labor market confirms the connection between long-term unemployment and long-term poverty. One of the messages of this report is that the Roma need good-paying jobs first and foremost. Many Roma villages are characterized by a cycle of dependency on state transfers. Reinsertion programs are needed to break this cycle. In the medium term, emphasis on providing high-quality general education to the Roma is needed. These challenges for Hungary are complicated by decentralization, which may lead to unequal treatment of the poor, with less financing available where social programs are most needed.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

Para visualizar el documento, clic aquí »

---

Nicaragua : Pension Reform Proposal

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2000
Resumen: The study reviews the current social security system, and its characteristics, analyzing the shortcomings of the Old Age, Disability and Survivor's Insurance (IVM) system, based on a defined benefit Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) scheme, no longer viable, given its low payroll taxes, overly generous benefits, and high rates of evasion, all systemic problems, which combined with institutional, and administrative weaknesses of the Instituto Nicaraguense de Seguridad Social (INSS), caused a cash deficit since 1997, and depletion of its reserves for the immediate future. The report explores long term finances, and the rationale for undertaking a systemic reform with mandatory, and defined contributions, based on individual capitalization accounts. It recommends closing the current PAYG system to new entrants, with the proviso for those aged 45-50, to opt for the new system, granting recognition for their acquired rights. General revenues, payroll taxes, and pension fund reserves, or other possible sources, should finance the transition to the new scheme, to be administered by pension fund managers. Funds should be invested both domestically, and abroad, ensuring diversification of the portfolio, as well as protection from local economic, and political manipulation.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Reformas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

Para visualizar el documento, clic aquí »

---

What Will Happen to Financial Markets When the Baby Boomers Retire?

Autor: Brooks, Robin
Año: 2000
Resumen: This paper explores whether changes in the age distribution have significant effects on financial markets that are rational and forward-looking. It presents an overlapping generations model in which agents make a portfolio decision over stocks and bonds when saving for retirement. Using the model to simulate a baby boom-baby bust demonstrates that returns to baby boomers will be substantially below returns to earlier generations, even when markets are rational and forward-looking. This result is important because the current debate over how to reform pay-as-you-go pension systems often takes historical returns on financial assets-and on the equity premium-as given.

Fuente: Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

Para visualizar el documento, clic aquí »

---