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Impacto de las reformas pensionales en Colombia y alternativas de reforma

Autor: Vásquez, Héctor
Año: 2015
Resumen: Las reformas al régimen pensional en Colombia basadas en el argumento de la sostenibilidad financiera no han conseguido superar la exclusión ni la inequidad. Alternativas como los beneficios económicos periódicos basadas en la capacidad de ahorro de los trabajadores informales son poco usadas en la práctica, pues su ingreso promedio es apenas el 80% de un salario mínimo legal en las zonas urbanas y 60% en las rurales. La informalidad laboral afecta la cobertura del sistema pensional: apenas 34,8% de los ocupados están afiliados como cotizantes, y en 2014 apenas uno de cada cuatro adultos mayores recibía alguna pensión. Una propuesta para avanzar en la seguridad social como derecho requiere un sistema de pilares. El primero debe ser solidario, estar financiado con impuestos y recursos públicos y cotizaciones, y debe asegurar a toda persona adulta mayor un ingreso mínimo equivalente a medio salario mínimo, e inicialmente debe focalizarse en la población más vulnerable (piso de protección social). El segundo, que hace parte del régimen de prima media, con cotizaciones obligatorias hasta cuatro salarios mínimos, aseguraría una pensión en las condiciones establecidas para ese régimen. El tercero, para trabajadores que puedan y quieran cotizar por encima de cuatro salarios mínimos, mediante cuentas de ahorro individual que permitan un ingreso superior a la pensión asegurada por el segundo pilar.

Fuente: Fundación Friedrich-Ebert (FES)
Clasificación: Reformas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Artículo Académico
Idioma:

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Pension Patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa

Autor: Dorfman, Mark
Año: 2015
Resumen: This report provides an initial stocktaking of the characteristics, environment and performance of public and private pensions and elderly assistance programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. It identifies key challenges and suggests reform options for consideration. Considerations for future work and principles for pension policies are also suggested. Two major challenges noted in the report are the need to increase coverage of the labor force by pensions and social insurance schemes, and to increase the proportion of poor elderly covered by social assistance. The report suggests that improving coverage will require a number of parametric reforms to existing contributory schemes, strengthening institutions to serve informal sector workers, and piloting new design options. The report also proposes other parametric reforms, including the harmonization or merger of civil service and national pension schemes. Finally, the report recommends principles to consider for reform, including measures to improve coverage, protect the elderly poor, and better align pension design with needs and enabling conditions, including the needs of rural and informal sector workers.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Reformas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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The Fiscal Consequences of Shrinking Populations

Autor: Clements, Benedict J.; Dybczak, Kamil; Gaspar, Vitor; Gupta, Sanjeev; Soto, Mauricio
Año: 2015
Resumen: Shrinking populations pose a formidable fiscal challenge. Declining fertility and increasing longevity will lead to a slower-growing, older world population. In most countries, population is projected by the United Nations (UN) to peak sometime this century and decline thereafter. For the world, the share of the population older than age 65 could increase from 12 percent today to 38 percent by 2100. To some extent, this represents the culmination of a long-term demographic transition associated with technological progress as well as the rise in the demand for human capital which initially boosts populations (as observed for most of human history), but eventually leads to lower fertility. This, in turn, contributes to a more sustainable pattern of development and reduced pressures on the environment. […] Given the magnitude of the needed policy response, a multi-pronged approach will be required: • Entitlement reform—starting now but at a gradual pace. Reforms should start now but be gradual in order to spread the burden across generations and to avoid policy reversals. • Policies that affect demographics and labor markets. Boosting fertility rates could offset aging. But, at the same time, the ability of public policies to control birth rates appears limited. Raising migration from the younger, less developed economies to the older, more developed economies would ameliorate spending pressures and provide time to phase in reforms, but it remains a politically sensitive issue. Policies that increase labor force participation of women and the elderly hold promise. • Better tax systems and more efficient public expenditure. In many countries it will be impossible to fully offset the impact of demographics on age-related spending, thus necessitating broader public sector reforms to improve the public finances.

Fuente: Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)
Clasificación: Demografía
Tipo de Publicación: Notas de Pensiones
Idioma:

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Assessing Fiscal Risks in Bangladesh

Autor: Medina, Leandro
Año: 2015
Resumen: This paper identifies, quantifies, and assesses fiscal risks in Bangladesh. By performing sensitivity analysis and using stochastic simulations, it measures risks arising from shocks to GDP growth, the exchange rate, commodity prices, and interest rates. It also analyzes specific fiscal and institutional risks, such as those related to the pension system, the issuance of guarantees, the state-owned commercial banks, and the external borrowing and debt management strategy. The paper finds that fiscal aggregates are particularly sensitive to shocks to commodity prices and exchange rates. Other factors that could affect fiscal aggregates are the unfunded pension system and the limited institutional capacity.

Fuente: Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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Reducing Old Age and Economic Vulnerabilities : Why Uganda Should Improve its Pension System

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2014
Resumen: This is the fourth edition of the Uganda Economic Update series. As with previous editions, this update first provides information related to the current state of the economy before focusing on a particular subject of importance. The special focus of this issue concerns how pensions can reduce vulnerabilities at both individual and macroeconomic levels. The Ugandan economy has continued the process of recovery, growing by 5.9 percent during the first half of FY2013 and FY2014 amidst droughts, disruptions related to civil unrest in South Sudan, and aid cuts. Eight consecutive quarters of positive growth since the slump in FY2011 and FY2012 confirm that the economy has returned on the strong growth path and may reach a rate of growth of 6.0 percent per annum in FY2013 and FY2014. The positive outlook is subject to risks, key among which will be those emanating from its fiscal management regime due to continuous low revenue collection and reduction of aid to Uganda; increased spending pressures in the advent of the 2016 elections, and accelerating public investments amidst gaps in public investment efficiency. In addition, given its recently increased dependency on the South Sudan market for its exports, the protracted crisis in South Sudan could have severe consequences to the Ugandan economy. In that context, a coherent policy of social protection, including for the elderly, can promote social transformation and accelerate economic development. An effective social protection system is needed to protect vulnerable groups from negative shocks such as loss of employment, death of bread winner, or bad weather. Achieving the vision of a transformed Uganda means addressing vulnerabilities at both individual and at country levels. Uganda is already taking steps to start building an effective pension system, but challenges remain in ensuring transparent and proper governance of the pension funds; achieving efficiency objectives, building up the institutional capacity, and managing the fiscal pressures due to expenses to existing pensions and the new public pension scheme at the same time. Well designed and managed pension systems can contribute significantly to the country's ongoing transformation.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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