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El Modelo Multipilar de Pensiones de la OIT: Construyendo sistemas de pensiones equitativos y sostenibles

Autor: Durán-Valverde, Fabio
Año: 2023
Resumen: EL presente resumen de políticas tiene como objetivo presentar un conjunto de principios, conceptos, herramientas y orientaciones para el diseño y reforma de los sistemas de pensiones, de conformidad con los principios de la OIT y las mejores prácticas internacionales.

Fuente: Oficina Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)
Clasificación: Reformas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Artículo Académico
Idioma:

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Old Age Inequality Begins at Birth

Autor: Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales; Jiménez, Maren
Año: 2023
Resumen: Old age disadvantage begins at birth. Much of the inequality between older persons has its roots in early life conditions. Without policies to prevent it, disadvantages reinforce one another through peoples’ lives, leading to large disparities among older adults. A life course perspective on ageing is critical to improving people’s health and well-being throughout the life course into old age. The onset and severity of disability – affecting either physical or mental health – profoundly impacts the lives of people and their families and incurs large economic and societal costs in terms of health care and caregiving needs. Disability is a key outcome of unequal ageing as it has been tied to both early life conditions, such as childhood poverty and later life risk factors, including health behaviors, occupation and chronic stress. Examining physical functional limitations as a measure of disability lends itself to cross-national comparisons of inequalities in health in old age as it measures difficulties that people face in carrying out tasks in their daily living, and does not depend on access to health care and medical professionals for diagnosis, as is the case for examining differences in the prevalence of diseases, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

Fuente: Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU)
Clasificación: Ahorro Previsional
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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The Effects of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty in Iraq

Autor: Amjad, Beenish; Cabrera, Maynor; Phadera, Lokendra
Año: 2023
Resumen: This study assesses the distributional impacts of public expenditures and taxes on poverty and inequality in the Republic of Iraq. The analysis uses the Commitment to Equity methodology and is based on the survey and government fiscal administrative data for fiscal year 2017. Results from the analysis show that Iraq’s fiscal policy is modestly progressive. It reduces short-term inequality by 6.7 and 3.0 Gini points with and without including public spending on education and health services. Both results are less than the global and upper-middle-income country averages. However, driven by direct transfers from poverty targeted social safety net cash transfers and generous pension allowances, the fiscal system reduces short-term poverty by 5 percentage points when evaluated using the international poverty line of US$5.5. This is one of the largest in the global and upper-middle-income country databases. These positive short-term results are achieved primarily because households pay almost no taxes. Iraq’s tax revenues are far lower than even the lower-income countries’ average. Unlike in most countries, Iraqi households in all quintiles, even the richest, are net beneficiaries of the fiscal policy. Given oil price volatility and the global movement away from fossil fuels, the high oil dependence and lack of a broader revenue base pose a significant fiscal sustainability challenge in Iraq.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Artículo Académico
Idioma:

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Social Insurance for Gig Workers: Insights from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Malaysia

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2023
Resumen: The rise of “gig” or digital platform work globally has led to both enthusiasm for its potential to create lucrative employment for large numbers of people, as well as concern about its implications for worker protection that is often provided in more standard employment. While gig work platforms may not be akin to employers in standard work relationships, arrangements that do not obligate them to provide worker protection and social insurance contributions may leave several platform workers unprotected against a range of risks. Is the observed lack of protection among digital platform workers explained by an unwillingness on part of the workers themselves to make necessary contributions for social insurance coverage? This paper analyzes this question in the context of Malaysia, a rapidly growing upper-middle-income East Asian economy that has witnessed a rise in gig work in recent years. The paper deploys a novel vignette-based experiment to ascertain gig workers’ willingness to pay for social insurance coverage. The analysis finds overall a large unmet need for social insurance among gig workers, as well as a high level of willingness to pay for (especially) unemployment insurance, retirement savings, and accidental and injury insurance. This implies that the policy challenge is to channel such willingness into regular contributions for social insurance coverage through relevant and flexible options for contributions. More than subsidies, this segment of the workforce could perhaps benefit from better tailored, more flexible, and more easily accessible instruments for social insurance. The analysis also finds evidence of substitution between distinct insurance instruments. For instance, those who have access to retirement savings appear to be less willing to pay for unemployment insurance, and those with private medical insurance are less likely to contribute to the state-run injury insurance scheme. This underlines the need to approach risk insurance for digital platform workers more holistically and to consider a wider range of insurance instruments, including those offered by the private sector.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguro
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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Memoria del Segundo Seminario Regional de Desarrollo Social. Seguridad social (pensiones y salud) y la crisis prolongada: una oportunidad para combatir la desigualdad en el marco de un Estado de bienestar en América Latina y el Caribe

Autor: Organización de las Naciones Unidas, Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL)
Año: 2023
Resumen: Desde el año 2020, ante los impactos de la pandemia de COVID-19, los países de la región han enfrentado una crisis social prolongada con inéditos desafíos para garantizar niveles de bienestar básicos para la ciudadanía, con un acceso garantizado a la protección social y a la salud como un derecho fundamental y un bien público esencial (CEPAL, 2022c). Las crisis gatilladas por la pandemia de COVID-19 han profundizado problemáticas estructurales de América Latina y el Caribe, que tienen un impacto directo sobre la seguridad social y que ya venían intensificándose: altos niveles de informalidad en un escenario de profundas transformaciones en el mercado laboral ante los cambios tecnológicos en curso, el incremento de la pobreza y las diversas expresiones de la desigualdad y el rápido envejecimiento de la población, entre otros. Si bien las medidas implementadas por los países en materia de protección social han sido sustantivas y han permitido mitigar, en parte, los devastadores efectos sociales y económicos de la pandemia, a tres años de su inicio se aprecia en la región un deterioro considerable en las condiciones de vida de sus habitantes, situación que ha empeorado ante un contexto económico desfavorable y el incremento de la inflación. Se evidencia la importante distancia que existe en la región para consolidar verdaderos Estados de bienestar, con sistemas de seguridad social que garanticen igualdad en el acceso a prestaciones con niveles de cobertura, suficiencia y sostenibilidad financiera adecuados.

Fuente: Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL)
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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