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Mexico - Income Generation and Social Protection for the Poor: Volume 1. Integrated Executive Summary

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2005
Resumen: This document summarizes the findings of three reports: Urban Poverty in Mexico, Mexico: a Study of Rural Poverty, and Mexico: an Overview of Social Protection, and, focuses on 1) the generation of income opportunities for the urban and rural poor, and, 2) social protection for the poor. The main messages can be summarized as follows. The poor are a heterogeneous group; importantly, long-term income-generating opportunities and coping strategies differ significantly between urban and rural areas, among different regions, between small and larger cities, and even within neighborhoods. This translates into having urban poor limited to low-quality jobs, marked by low productivity and with limited social protection. Additionally, to continue supporting the rural poor move out of poverty, it is important to increase agricultural productivity, especially for small- and medium-sized farmers, and facilitate their diversification into rural non-farm activities (RNF) of higher agricultural value-added. The rural poor depend mainly on self-subsistence agriculture, self-employment, and non-agricultural activities, and have typically not completed primary education. Conversely, the urban poor depend on access to salaried employment, on non-agricultural activities, mainly as employees in manufacturing or services, and have not completed lower secondary education. Since its inception in the 1940s, Mexico's social protection system has not been well-suited to respond to the risks the poor face. A key conclusion of this report is that geographical location must be taken into account, in order to design adequate poverty interventions - income generation opportunities and social protection needs vary depending upon the poor's location.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
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Household Risk Management and Social Protection in Chile

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2005
Resumen: This volume takes a critical look at the country's social protection "system" - broadly defined to include policy interventions, public institutions, and the regulation of private institutions that lower the welfare costs of adverse shocks to income from job loss and extended unemployment, health episodes, old age, and life-time poverty - to determine if a system exists or simply a set of loosely coordinated programs. The study also assesses whether households are provided with appropriate tools to mitigate risks to their income, identifying gaps in coverage and where instruments are missing. As well, the study provides the Government with a set of guidelines grounded in a conceptual framework that, if carefully applied, could increase the effectiveness of social protection. The author of the study finds that Chile succeeds in providing households with the instruments that they need to mitigate shocks to income. The institutions Chile has put in place to help households lower losses from these shocks - from the new unemployment insurance system, the retirement security system and the mixed health insurance system - are generally appropriately designed to match the nature of the risks they are intended to cover. Yet, while still in a minority, too many Chilean households - even among the non poor - do not have access to the sophisticated, state of the art social protection institutions that are in place.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Regulación y Supervisión
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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Income Generation and Social Protection for the Poor

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2005
Resumen: This report summarizes and consolidates the findings of three Bank studies on poverty issues in Mexico, written as part of the second phase of this work: Urban Poverty, Rural Poverty, and Social Protection. It also expands on how Mexico will seek to use social protection policy as a vehicle for redistribution. Discussed in Chapter 1, the state has a clear role in providing risk-pooling mechanisms where private insurance markets fail (e.g., old age and health insurance), but the role of social protection policy in promoting redistribution is more an issue of national choice. That choice, however, has clear consequences for equity and poverty reduction outcomes. The economic trade?off between growth and equity, and thus between growth and redistribution, has been refuted by both theoretical advances, and international experience in recent years. International experience points to examples where redistribution has been achieved in a wide variety of ways. The choice is two fold: how much distribution; and through which means. The relative importance given to redistribution, and the role assigned to the social protection system in achieving equity objectives is a question of national objectives, but is crucial to guiding the direction of social protection policy reform. To summarize, the report finally focuses on four key emerging issues within social protection in Mexico: a) social security reform, b) health risks among the poor, c) old age poverty, and, d) the need to balance public risk management mechanisms with a more integrated strategy to combat chronic poverty. In order to tackle these challenges, Mexico faces a range of political choices.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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Serbia and Montenegro: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix

Autor: Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)
Año: 2005
Resumen: This Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix paper examines the scope for improving the effectiveness of fiscal policy of Serbia and Montenegro in containing the persistently large external imbalance. The paper discusses the causes of the current problems and presents preliminary results of the projected finances of the Fund for Employees (FE). It suggests options for reducing the cost of pension outlays, and provides preliminary estimates of the impact of the authorities’ recent reform package on the FE finances. The paper also provides a description of the main parameters of the Serbian pension system.

Fuente: Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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Financiación óptima de un régimen de pensiones

Autor: Plamondon, Pierre; Latulippe, Denis
Año: 2004
Resumen: ¿Cómo pueden las organizaciones de seguridad social optimizar la financiación de las pensiones en un entorno demográfico cambiante y en una economía volátil? Este interrogante es de crucial importancia en muchos países donde los regímenes de seguridad social financiados por reparto que entregan prestaciones sustanciales a los jubilados se enfrentan al envejecimiento de la población. En el continuo debate sobre la reforma de los sistemas nacionales de pensiones, se afirma a menudo que los regímenes privados de plena capitalización se adaptan mejor al "nuevo entorno" y que, por consiguiente, el papel de los regímenes públicos debe limitarse al alivio de la pobreza. La capacidad de los regímenes financiados por reparto de hacer frente a los costos crecientes de las pensiones, que resultan del envejecimiento de la población, es un argumento que se esgrime con frecuencia para justificar estas reformas estructurales. La presente ponencia tiene por objeto esclarecer el debate aportando resultados de simulaciones sobre la variabilidad de distintos métodos de financiación en un entorno demográfico cambiante y en una economía volátil. En otras palabras, se argumenta que la necesidad de estabilidad de las tasas de cotización no debe abordarse únicamente desde el punto de vista del entorno demográfico, sino también teniendo en cuenta elementos del entorno económico, como los tipos de interés, los salarios y los precios, que ejercen repercusiones decisivas en la financiación de las pensiones. La ponencia reseña los objetivos de la elección de un sistema de financiación y los elementos que determinan las tasas de cotización. Se analiza información sobre las características demográficas y económicas de distintos países y se emplea como punto de partida para las simulaciones actuariales. Estas simulaciones demuestran que cada método de financiación reacciona de manera distinta ante cada escenario demográfico y económico y que, en general, el sistema óptimo es aquel que combina de modo adecuado elementos de reparto y de capitalización. Una conclusión importante, basada en el análisis de carteras clásico, es que la capitalización parcial puede constituir un enfoque óptimo para potenciar los ingresos del régimen a largo plazo.

Fuente: Asociación Internacional de la Seguridad Social (AISS)
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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