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Case Study 4 - Poland: Participation in Macroeconomic Policy Making and Reform

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2003
Resumen: In January 1999, Poland launched a new pension system that was the result of 5-6 years of broad outreach campaigns and complex negotiations within the government and between the government and key stakeholder groups. A number of compromises were made to broaden support for the reform; these changes will significantly increase costs during the transition period but without undermining the long-term viability of the reformed pension system. Post-communist Poland operated on a traditional pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system; payroll taxes of current workers financed the pension benefits of current retirees. Due to a number of policy changes expanding early retirement options and other privileges, pension costs skyrocketed in the mid-1990s and Poland had one of the highest spending rates of any post-communist transition country. In addition, long-term demographic shifts led to a decline in people paying into the system relative to those receiving benefits. Contribution rates (i.e., payroll taxes) had already risen from 25% in 1981 to 45% in 1990. They could not easily be pushed up further.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Reformas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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The Pension System in Iran : Challenges and Opportunities, Volume 2. Technical Appendix

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2003
Resumen: The present report evaluates the Iranian pension system and proposes a series o f policy interventions to improve outreach, financing mechanisms, incentives, equity, and management. It has been prepared at the request o f the Management and Planning Organization. Given data constraints, the analysis concentrates primarily on the Social Security Organization and the Civil Servants Retirement Organization, the two main pension funds. Occupational funds and non- contributory regimes are surveyed only briefly. The need to look more closely at these schemes in the near future i s emphasized. The report i s organized in eight sections. Section 1 presents the background o f the study. Section 2 provides a general overview o f the Iranian pension system. Sections 3 and 4 present detailed assessments of the Social Security Organization and the Civil Servants Retirement Organization. Section 5 concentrates on the tax treatment o f retirement savings. Section 6 proposes a framework for guiding pension reform, presents a typology o f pension mechanisms, and reviews international experiences. On the basis o f this framework, Section 7 outlines strategic directions for reforming the Iranian pension system and analyzes the financial and fiscal implications. Finally, Section 8 discusses the political economy o f pension reform and recommends necessary steps for the design and implementation o f a successful reform program.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Reformas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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Public Policy and Extended Families : Evidence from Pensions in South Africa

Autor: Bertrand, Marianne; Mullainathan, Sendhil; Miller, Douglas.
Año: 2003
Resumen: How are resources allocated within extended families in developing economies? This question is investigated using a unique social experiment: the South African pension program. Under that program the elderly receive a cash transfer equal to roughly twice the per capita income of Africans in South Africa. The study examines how this transfer affects the labor supply of prime-age individuals living with these elderly in extended families. It finds a sharp drop in the working hours of prime-age individuals in these households when women turn 60 years old or men turn 65, the ages at which they become eligible for pensions. It also finds that the drop in labor supply is much larger when the pensioner is a woman, suggesting an imperfect pooling of resources. The allocation of resources among prime-age individuals depends strongly on their absolute age and gender as well as on their relative age. The oldest son in the household reduces his working hours more than any other prime-age household member.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Mercado Laboral
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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Reducing Vulnerability and Increasing Opportunity: Social Protection in the Middle East and North Africa

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2002
Resumen: Despite social, and economic diversity within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, social protection systems share common characteristics. This report develops a framework for a more integrated approach to social protection, and proposes general strategic lines of actions to guide the reform of social protection systems in the MENA region. It argues that, while during the 1970s and 1980s, economic growth rates outweighed growth rates in other regions, and social indicators improved dramatically, the model of development was not sustainable. It further, discusses key features, and major weaknesses of the social protection systems in the MENA countries, by defining an alternative framework for social protection. However, it also argues that traditional social protection schemes, cannot constitute the sole mechanism to protect vulnerable population groups, help the poor, or increase social welfare. Actions outside the traditional social protection system, suggest promoting prudent macroeconomic management, improving governance, rethinking regulatory institutions, and reforming education, and health systems. Concurrently, actions within the traditional social protection system, include improvements in the financial sustainability of social insurance systems, reforming training systems, and designing safety nets as developmental, and community-based, not just assistance, and centrally administered schemes.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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The non-contributory pension programme in Argentina: assessing the impact on poverty reduction

Autor: Bertranou, Fabio; Grushka, Carlos O.
Año: 2002
Resumen: There is increasing acknowledgement of the need to extend the scope of social protection to those segments of the population that have traditionally been excluded from social security. Non-contributory pension programmes constitute an excellent alternative that merits examination. This report will describe and evaluate numerous aspects of the Non-Contributory Pension (NCP) programme in Argentina. The NCP programme — much like other social security programmes in this country — developed in a disorganized manner, involving the grant of various categories of benefits. These include assistance pensions for old-age, disability and mothers with seven or more children; auxiliary pensions (pensiones graciables) awarded by the national legislature; pensions for Malvinas (Falkland Islands) war veterans; pensions for families of persons who “disappeared” during the military regime (1976-83) and pensions granted through special legislation. The NCP programme developed in the context of a social policy characterized by a high degree of fragmentation between not only the national institutions (for example, the Social Security Administration and the Ministry of Social Development), but also between the various levels of government (national, provincial and municipal). The NCP programme accounts for 3 per cent of the aggregate social security expenditure and 0.2 per cent of the GDP. The number of direct beneficiaries with pensions is 350,000 persons, but if health coverage provided for the families of some beneficiaries is included, coverage may be said to extend to 450,000 persons. The average benefit is $153, which is 57 per cent of the average benefit in the contributory system. As regards the programme’s effectiveness in reducing poverty, for those families with a member who receives the benefit, the incidence of poverty is reduced by 31 per cent, while that of extreme poverty or indigence is reduced by 67 per cent. The effect would be greater if inclusion errors were reduced and if the scheme of auxiliary pensions (pensiones graciables) granted by legislators was reformed, or eliminated altogether. Furthermore, the programme must be adapted to the proposed reform of the social security system scheduled for 2002, which provides for the possibility of granting a “universal benefit” to persons over the age of 70 with no source of income or other financial resources.

Fuente: Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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