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Bangladesh Social Protection and Labor Review: Towards Smart Social Protection and Jobs for the Poor

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2016
Resumen: Over the past decade, Bangladesh has achieved strong economic growth and impressive poverty reduction. The country’s great strides in human development, reflected in the lowered fertility rate, improved health and epidemiological outcomes, and progress in education, among others, are paving the way for its continued development and economic growth. Despite much progress, however, poverty and vulnerability remains a great challenge. In particular, persistent gaps across different populations exist often due to the labor market conditions experienced by marginalized workers (including unskilled laborers, females, youth, and migrants). In light of such dynamic changes in Bangladesh, the role of comprehensive Social Protection and Labor (SPL) policy to facilitate poor and vulnerable households to adequately respond to and manage various risks, is greater than ever. The recently endorsed National Social Security Strategy (NSSS) proceeds in this direction by adopting the lifecycle approach. This Social Protection and Labor Review report complements the NSSS with discussions on specific issues and policy recommendations. The report reviews the landscape of the sector, identifies key challenges to be overcome, and provides options for policy intervention. Overall, the review emphasizes the need for policy direction to shift from individual programs towards an overall strategy for households; from fragmented safety nets towards a comprehensive system; and from (ex-post) disaster reliefs towards (ex-ante) promotion of productive income generating activities. Therefore, the report greatly underscores the importance of strengthening labor market intervention and developing social insurance while addressing implementation challenges related to existing social assistance programs. In contrast to the multitude of various social assistance programs, Bangladesh currently lacks effective measures to promote labor market employment and productivity and adequate social insurance to hedge various risks. In the short term, the report suggests that policy efforts need to be made to introduce active labor market programs to provide greater employment opportunities, particularly for disadvantaged populations. Strategies to develop a pension system that can cover workers regardless of their type of employment are also needed. These measures will serve as building blocks for broader policies for more, better, and inclusive jobs, and a comprehensive social insurance system, which will contribute to the country’s goal of achieving middle income country status by 2021.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Mercado Laboral
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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Trade Liberalization, Social Policy Development and Labour Market Outcomes of Chinese Women and Men in the Decade After China’s Accession to the World Trade Organization

Autor: Dong, Xiao-Yuan; Li, Shi; Yang, Sui
Año: 2016
Resumen: How trade liberalization affects women’s position in the labour market and what role public policy should play to make the process work better for women are among some of the most debated issues in academic communities and in policy-making arenas. This work sheds light on these contentious issues by analysing the trends in labour market outcomes of women and men in China in the decade after its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The publication reviews the changes associated with China’s economic reforms and opening to international trade and investment since the process started in the late 1970s. Since the early 2000s, a wide range of policy measures have been introduced to strengthen labour market regulations, reduce inequality and increase social security. However, most of these policy initiatives were ‘gender neutral’, paying inadequate attention to the institutional constraints that disadvantaged women in the labour market.

Fuente: Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU)
Clasificación: Ahorro Previsional
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
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Migration and Older Age

Autor: Comisión Económica de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para Europa (UNECE)
Año: 2016
Resumen: he UNECE region is experiencing a steady increase in the number and diversity of retired labour migrants and migrant eldercare workers. The international mobility of older persons is also on the rise. Yet the participation of migrants in the host communities and their access to welfare remains a challenging issue. Compared to native-born peers, older migrants are often more vulnerable to poor socio-economic and health status, social isolation and exclusion. Lower income, poorer working and housing conditions, including their concentration in low-income neighbourhoods, are among the factors affecting the life trajectories of many migrants. Migrant elder carers – independent of their age – often work informally without proper employment contracts and with limited access to health and social protection. There is, however, heterogeneity and variation in older migrants’ vulnerabilities and needs across and within ethnic groups, with consequent important welfare implications, which call for targeted policy responses at local, national, and international levels. A sound evidence base for such policy responses is lacking as older migrants are often overlooked in research, mainly due to a lack of data.

Fuente: Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU)
Clasificación: Mercado Laboral
Tipo de Publicación: Artículo Académico
Idioma:

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Pensions for Public-Sector Employees: Lessons from OECD Countries’ Experience

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2016
Resumen: In 27 out of 34 OECD member countries, there is institutionally separate retirement-income provision for some or all public-sector workers. But the scope of these pension schemes varies significantly: from a modest top-up to the national pension arrangements (covering private-sector workers as well) to entirely independent retirement-income regimes. Average expenditure on these schemes amounts to about 1.5 percent of GDP, or nearly a quarter of total public pension spending. Public-sector pension reform is an issue of great political importance in many countries. Central governments’ workforces are ageing rapidly in all but four of the 26 countries for which data are available. One in three of central-government employees were aged 50 and over in 2009, compared with 22 percent in 1995. This rapid ageing is pushing up the cost of pension schemes at a time when many OECD countries are embarking on fiscal consolidation. This paper examines the arguments and the options for reforming public-sector pension schemes from an international viewpoint. It assesses five different policies to reduce expenditures or increase contribution revenues, showing how these can have very different effects in a public-sector scheme than with national retirement-income arrangements.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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Building Long-Term Portfolio Benchmarks for Pension Funds in Emerging Economies

Autor: Rudolph, Heinz P.; Sabat, Jorge
Año: 2016
Resumen: The movement from a defined benefit to a defined contribution pension system has important implications in the area of portfolio allocation. While the focus of defined benefit pension funds is essentially in the long term, some defined contribution funds might have incentives to invest with shorter-term horizons. The case of open pension funds, such as the ones in several countries in Latin America and Central and Eastern European countries, shows that competition on short-term returns may bring pension funds into suboptimal portfolio strategies. As policy makers become increasingly interested in finding long-term sources of financing for infrastructure and other long-term projects, it becomes essential to upgrade the regulatory framework of open pension funds. This paper contributes to the literature by proposing an investment regulatory framework based on strategic asset allocation that can be applicable to open pension funds. Based on the use of lifecycle investment strategies, the paper proposes the implementation of common portfolio benchmarks for pension funds. Three elements are emphasized for implementation of strategic asset allocation: (a) a well-defined pension objective, (b) sound governance of the portfolio benchmark, and (c) a methodology for developing the benchmark. The paper proposes the use of the approximation methodology as a starting point for designing portfolio benchmarks, and illustrates step-by-step how to build these long-term portfolios in a didactical way.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Fondos de Inversión
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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