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Digital Labour Platforms and Labour Protection in China

Autor: Zhou, Irene
Año: 2020
Resumen: The growth of digital labour platforms worldwide creates both opportunities and challenges to the world of work as well as the traditional approaches of regulating work and setting minimum standards. This paper explores the implications of the digital labour platforms for labour regulation in China and the potential applicability of existing laws and regulations to platform work. It begins by defining platform work and reviewing its scope, composition and characteristics, with a focus on working conditions in China, followed by analysis on how labour regulation is complicated by the platform business models. In analysing the existing regulatory frameworks, the regulatory gaps become apparent. The paper concludes with policy options based on relevant international standards and the approaches to regulating platforms in other countries and the Chinese context, including its economic and policy environment as well as its industrial relations system.

Fuente: Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)
Clasificación: Ahorro Previsional
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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Demographic Transition: Lessons from Bangladesh's Success Story

Autor: Banco Mundial
Año: 2020
Resumen: Bangladesh has been a star performer on fertility reduction, reducing its TFR from 6.7 in 1960 to 2.1 in 2017 (i.e. the replacement level of fertility). As a comparison, SSA countries reduced TFR by as little as 2 births per woman, on average, between 1970 and 2016 (World Bank, 2019), with Niger, Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo having similar levels of TFR in 2017 as they did in the 1960s. Most countries at the pre-dividend stage of the demographic transition, especially those in Africa, could learn from Bangladesh's experience. In particular, Bangladesh's fertility declines between 1975 and 1990, when it was still grappling with serious economic and social issues, were remarkable, and hold important lessons for other countries striving for similar success in optimizing their population growth. This brief case study documents how Bangladesh achieved such a rapid fertility decline despite economic constraints.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Demografía
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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Cuando tengamos sesenta y cuatro: Oportunidades y desafíos para la política pública en un contexto de envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina y el Caribe

Autor: Rofman, Rafael; Apella, Ignacio.
Año: 2020
Resumen: Los países latinoamericanos están atravesando una transición demográfica y, como consecuencia, un proceso de envejecimiento de la población. Durante las próximas décadas, el número de niños disminuirá en comparación con el de adultos mayores. El envejecimiento de la población es el resultado de una reducción lenta pero sostenida de las tasas de mortalidad, debido al aumento de las tasas de esperanza de vida y fertilidad. Estas tendencias reflejan mejoras a largo plazo positivas en el bienestar y el desarrollo económico y social. Sin embargo, este proceso también implica desafíos en términos de políticas: muchas instituciones públicas —incluidos los sistemas de educación, salud y jubilaciones y pensiones, y las regulaciones laborales— están diseñadas para un contexto demográfico diferente y requerirán adaptación. En “Cuando tengamos sesenta y cuatro” se analizan políticas públicas que tienen por objeto superar los dos desafíos principales que enfrentan los países latinoamericanos en relación con los cambios demográficos. Por un lado, las poblaciones de mayor edad requieren más recursos fiscales para solventar los servicios sociales, tales como salud, atención de largo plazo y jubilaciones y pensiones. Por otro lado, el envejecimiento genera cambios en la proporción de la población en edad de trabajar, lo cual puede incidir en el crecimiento económico a largo plazo. Las sociedades en proceso de envejecimiento corren el riesgo de perder dinamismo y de presentar tasas de dependencia más altas y tasas de ahorro más bajas. Sin embargo, mientras tanto, los países latinoamericanos tienen una oportunidad demográfica: la reducción temporal de las tasas de dependencia crea un período en el cual la proporción de la población en edad de trabajar, y la capacidad de ahorro asociada, está en su nivel más alto. Esto constituye una gran oportunidad a corto plazo, ya que el aumento de los ahorros puede generar un incremento del capital por trabajador y de la productividad. Para que esto suceda, es necesario crear condiciones institucionales, financieras y fiscales que impulsen mayor ahorro e inversión, acelerando el crecimiento económico per cápita de manera sostenible.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Demografía
Tipo de Publicación: Libros
Idioma:

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Investing in People: Social Protection for Indonesia's 2045 Vision

Autor: Holmemo, Camilla; Acosta, Pablo; George, Tina; Palacios, Robert J.; Pinxten, Juul; Sen, Shonali; Tiwari, Sailesh.
Año: 2020
Resumen: The Government of Indonesia's Vision for 2045 sets an ambitious path that will require significant investments in human capital and social protection Indonesia continues to set ambitious goals for its growth and development. The Government of Indonesia's (GoI) vision for 2045—when the country celebrates 100 years of independence—is to achieve high income status and reduce poverty to nearly zero. In addition to sustained growth and income opportunities for all, an inclusive and efficient social protection (SP) system will be essential to meet these ambitious goals. In most countries today, effective risk-sharing and SP policies play important roles in building equity, resilience and opportunity, and in strengthening human capital. Indonesia is no different. Risk sharing interventions can reduce and prevent poverty, and make growth more equitable by safeguarding households' human and physical capital. Over the past two decades, Indonesia's SP system has been fundamentally transformed. In particular, it has moved from the dominance of regressive consumer subsidies and ad-hoc crisis response to targeted and household based social assistance programs, with a massive coverage expansion. In terms of social insurance, recent years have seen an ongoing building and integration of its policies and institutions. This has all been made possible through better spending allocations and a build-up of the needed platforms to deliver programs effectively and efficiently.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Informes
Idioma:

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Reverse Mortgages, Financial Inclusion, and Economic Development: Potential Benefit and Risks

Autor: Knaack, Peter; Miller, Margaret; Stewart, Fiona.
Año: 2020
Resumen: This paper examines the state of reverse mortgage markets in selected countries around the world and considers the potential benefits and risks of these products from a financial inclusion and economic benefit standpoint. Despite potentially increasing demand from aging societies -- combined with limited pension income -- a series of market failures constrain supply and demand. The paper discusses a series of market failures on the supply side, such as adverse selection, moral hazard, and the costly regulation established to address these problems, leading to only a small number of providers, even in developed markets. Demand-side constraints are equally relevant, in particular high non-interest costs, abuse concerns, and the inability of reverse mortgages to cover key risks facing the elderly, particularly health and elder care. In developing countries, constraints are likely to be even higher than in advanced economies, due to high transaction costs and lack of consumer knowledge and protection. The enabling conditions for such markets to develop are outlined, along with examples of regulatory oversight. The paper concludes that these still seem to be largely products of last resort rather than well-considered purchases as part of good retirement planning.

Fuente: Banco Mundial
Clasificación: Regulación y Supervisión
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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